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Risk factors are the reasons which lead to or aggravate the deposition of cholesterol or fat in the coronary arteries. If one desires to know the total number of risk factors responsible for the development of coronary heart disease it will amount to hundreds.
Williams in 1981 identified 246 risk factors that directly or indirectly lead to the development and onset of heart disease. To give you a rough idea, the distribution of these risk factors is mentioned below:
Habits and lifestyle, psychosocial 54
Physical and biochemical 16
Serum / blood measurements 44
Medical conditions or diseases 45
Dietary deficiency (inverse association) 23
Dietary excess (negative association) 21
Constitutional, demographic 16
Blood clotting (platelet) disorders 16
Environmental 5
Drugs 6
If you consider the major 10 or 15 risk factors, those which are important in the development of coronary heart disease, they have been classified into two categories:
1) Modifiable Risk Factors: These include risk factors which can be altered and prevented so that further progress of heart disease can be arrested.
2) Non-Modifiable Risk Factors: These are risk factors which cannot be altered such as age, sex and heredity.
Modifiable Risk Factors
1. Stress and mental tension
2. High blood cholesterol
3 High blood triglycerides
4. Low blood HDL level
5. Lack of antioxidants in the diet
6. High blood pressure
7. Diabetes mellitus
8. Obesity or overweight
9. Sedentary life-style/lack of physical activity
10. Smoking or tobacco consumption
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Heredity
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If you have high blood pressure based on a blood pressure reading in your doctor’s office, don’t panic. Before a true diagnosis is made you should return to the clinic on at least three separate occasions (six return visits for monitoring are even better), so your doctor can evaluate whether your blood pressure is consistently elevated. Your blood pressure changes constantly throughout the day, depending on your environment, activities, diet, emotions, medication, and other factors. Even so simple a thing as talking can dramatically raise your blood pressure. In a 1998 study carried out at the Clinique Cardiologique in Paris, researchers measured the blood pressures of 50 patients with hypertension while they were actively talking, silently reading, or sitting quietly. During the talking period blood pressure significantly increased – by an average of 17 mm Hg systolic and 13 mm Hg diastolic – and it remained elevated, although to a lesser degree, for a time afterward. Silent reading actually lowered blood pressure more than did merely sitting quietly.
Another cause of elevated blood pressure readings – in the absence of true hypertension – is what is known as “white-coat hypertension.” For many people, visiting a doctor is stressful, and the sheer anxiety of being examined by a health professional temporarily elevates blood pressure. When this reaction occurs, an inexperienced or hasty medical practitioner may misdiagnose the patient as having hypertension solely on the basis of one or two in-office blood pressure readings. White-coat hypertension is an all-too-common phenomenon that can result in expensive, unnecessary, and potentially hazardous treatment. Despite frequent and supposedly accurate measurements of blood pressure, as many as 12 million patients in the United States may be misclassified as hypertensive.
For this reason, I turn to a test called the twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) system. This device measures blood pressure every fifteen to thirty minutes and can help determine if a patient has true hypertension. The computerized ABPM monitor is about the size of a paperback book and is attached to a blood pressure cuff. The cuff is worn around the patient’s arm, while the monitor is worn on a belt around the waist or over the shoulder like a purse. While the ABPM can take blood pressure readings over a twenty-four-hour period, I have my patients wear it for just twelve to eighteen hours, since I don’t want to rob them of a night’s sleep. This still gives me the information I need for an accurate evaluation of their blood pressure, allowing me to rule out white-coat hypertension and treat only those patients with true hypertension.
Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of patients are still being diagnosed with hypertension based solely on a few readings taken in a doctor’s office. I feel this is a grave mistake. The authors of a 1993 Journal of the American Medical Association study reported that as many as “twenty-one percent of the patients diagnosed as having borderline [high normal] hypertension in the clinic were found to have normal blood pressure readings on ambulatory monitoring.” And the sad part about it is that many of these perfectly normal patients are needlessly placed on prescription medications that might actually make them sick.
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You may not really want to live forever, but most people want to stay healthy and live as long as possible. Certainly, no one wants to be cut down in the prime of life by a heart attack or sudden death. You can affect your health by the way you live. Developing good habits and avoiding harmful ones can have positive effects not only on the length but also on the quality of your life.
Certain “risk factors” can increase your chances of developing the most common type of heart disease—coronary artery disease. Blockages in the coronary arteries can lead to angina, heart attack, and death. A risk factor is any characteristic or behavior that increases the probability for development of coronary artery disease and its complications.
Some risk factors can be controlled, so it is important to understand what they are, whether they pertain to you, and, if so, what you can do to eliminate or modify them. Modifiable risk factors are high blood pressure blood cholesterol, cigarette smoking diabetes mellitus, excess we sedentary life-style, and an aggressive response to stress. Certain drugs also put you at higher risk for a heart attack.
Unfortunately, not all risk factors can be altered. Men seem to have a higher risk of coronary artery d than women. Age is also a nonmodified able risk factor: the older you are, the higher the chances of having coronary artery disease (if all other factors are equal). Having a first-degree relative (father, mother, brother, or sister) who had coronary artery disease, especially if it occurred before age 55, also plus you at a higher risk for coronary a disease. Although these risk factors cannot be changed, they are far irrelevant. The presence of one or more unmodifiable risk factors provides even more incentive for dressing the factors that can be improved.
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EFFECT OF VARIOUS RISK FACTORS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASEYou may not really want to live forever, but most people want to stay healthy and live as long as possible. Certainly, no one wants to be cut down in the prime of life by a heart attack or sudden death. You can affect your health by the way you live. Developing good habits and avoiding harmful ones can have positive effects not only on the length but also on the quality of your life.Certain “risk factors” can increase your chances of developing the most common type of heart disease—coronary artery disease. Blockages in the coronary arteries can lead to angina, heart attack, and death. A risk factor is any characteristic or behavior that increases the probability for development of coronary artery disease and its complications.Some risk factors can be controlled, so it is important to understand what they are, whether they pertain to you, and, if so, what you can do to eliminate or modify them. Modifiable risk factors are high blood pressure blood cholesterol, cigarette smoking diabetes mellitus, excess we sedentary life-style, and an aggressive response to stress. Certain drugs also put you at higher risk for a heart attack.Unfortunately, not all risk factors can be altered. Men seem to have a higher risk of coronary artery d than women. Age is also a nonmodified able risk factor: the older you are, the higher the chances of having coronary artery disease (if all other factors are equal). Having a first-degree relative (father, mother, brother, or sister) who had coronary artery disease, especially if it occurred before age 55, also plus you at a higher risk for coronary a disease. Although these risk factors cannot be changed, they are far irrelevant. The presence of one or more unmodifiable risk factors provides even more incentive for dressing the factors that can be improved.*220\252\8*
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